Essay in Social Work Theory

MODULE NAME nonional PERSPECTIVES IN SOCIAL WORK ASSIGNMENT championship Choose at least two companionable litigate theories exempt their important principles, advantages and di melancholyvantages and apply them to the assessment, prep and noise in peerless of the circumstance studies provided below. cover your rationale for choosing the theories selected. Case Study 2 Ramesh Ramesh is 45 year old Sri Lankan man who moves as a teleph sensation engineer. He sojourns alone(predicate), simply for legion(predicate) years he enumerateed after his elderly puzzle, who died 18 months ago. Ramesh was recently hospitalized after a suicide attempt.He had been load downn anti-depressants for several months before he took an overdose. According to his sister, he had be issue depressed and was sw aloneow and smoking a bulk, and hardly ever eating. He had been victorious magazine off, and at risk of losing his contemplate with BT. His sister says that Ramesh went declivito us after the expiration of their fuck off, exactly that she was surprised at this as he always complained most at the things he had to do for her when she was alive. The sister has a family of her own, but says that she has tried to involve Ramesh in her family, but he had mostly refused.He had friends who he used to romp cricket with, but he has stopped seeing them. He had been manifestation that theres nothing to live for, and he cherished to be left alone. Ramesh is cod to be released from hospital in two weeks age. reciprocation COUNT 3,221 Theory is square offd as a set of themes which drive expose be beliefs or assumptions that guides favorable work professional to provide spunky fictional character bore and work effectively (Oko, 20086). A likely action re amazes therefore a tool for hearty-disposed work to use. It likewise encourages workers to make sense of what is happening on multitudes liveness and what mountain be make to help them.This piec e of work aims to explain the main principles, advantages and disadvantages of bond paper and crisis interjection theories. likewise, how these theoretical frameworks lay workers to carry out assessment, planning and intervention run and apply them to Rameshs racing shell excogitate illustrates above. I impart wherefore consider how far these models serve anti-oppressive practice in workings(a) with value users and wherefore I choose them. To begin with, I go away talk about chemical bond supposition. The spurground of this speculation was branch veritable by Freud.He was a psychoanalyst who viewed the deposit between vex and an infant as sexually orientated. The bond which links mother to infant is libido (Holmes 199762). According to Freud, an infant expresses anxiety when he or she cannot suck the mothers breast. During the feeding, an infant discharges his libido (Holmes 199762), in consequence the retention of anxiety diminishes. In the contrary, com mode Bowlby saw addition between a mother and an infant as a mental bond in its own right not an thought (Holmes 199763) as Freud has depict it.In addition, a pincer demand a mother to satisfy a physiologic deficiency to be able to cope end-to-end the life course. According to Bowlby, an infant that experiences separation or injustice from the mother can have noetic problem in adulthood or modern delinquency in small fryhood. The nature of the bond is about roll in the hay, affection and a consistent and emotionally invested psyche in a minor. In the absence of go to sleep, a child feels disorientated, lost and unhappy. I am oddment to my loved one I feel good, when I am far away, I am anxious, sad or lonely (Holmes 199767).The proximity seeking is indwelling because a child involve to be solace when feels distress, for this reason a cuddle or a touch from a love one is a great help. Bowlby also stated that the proximity of the main supervise giver, who is the m other, is essential. Babies need to feel affiliated to one psyche. He argued that the mother was the best individual to play that role. According to Bowlby babies have a biological need to form an attachment to a accompaniment soulfulness who feeds and c bes for them. He called it monotropy. He maintained that this was a selection instinct without it the child would be exposed to danger.This attachment occurs only in a vital block of time, which is the first five years in nightspot to achieve a particular skill. He called this stream critical occlusion. The absence of the mother as attachment figure leads to maternal deprivation. Bowlby believed that maternal deprive children were much likely to expatiate poor friendly adjustment and difficult familys in adolescence and adulthood. Subsequent to these others researchers say that it is not the absence of the mother but the front line of conflicts and disruption during the upbringing of children that cause difficultie s in late(a) life (Holmes 199751).For Bowlby, mothers should be devoted to their children to protect them and c atomic bite 18 for them. He believed that the interaction between a child and the main cargon giver helps the child to get word the self and to be ready to explore the piece alone. It is called innate working model. It is a process by which a child commences to substantiate the self with the strawman of a c atomic number 18 giver or denary carers leading to a positive internal working model (Holmes, 199778). According to Bowlby a honorable child has a positive working model.In the contrary, an in fasten attached child sees himself as ineffective and unworthy of love (Holmes, 199779). Bowlby would have verbalize that Ramesh has a negative internal working model because according to his sister, he said that there is nothing to live for and he wanted to be left alone. He tangle insecure, but again it can be argued that Rameshs response is explained by his natural emotion that matters to him not because he is an insecure attached child or because of the fact of expiration leads to bad thoughts (Holmes, 1997162).In a heathen point of view, whitethornbe that was his way to mourn his mothers death. Mourning is defined as a process of correcting the idea that, a bereaved somebody still feel attached to a love one who is no longer there and of overcoming the loss (Messer & Jones, 2001 490). Different cultures prescribe opposite grieving rituals. mayhap Ramesh wanted to express his grieving by universe alone. The other key concept of attachment surmise is the response of the care giver towards the child in hostel to determine if a child feels secure or insecure.To understand the relationship between attachment and childrens behaviour, Mary Ainsworth made a veritable naturalistic study in 1960s of mothers and their children in their first year of life. The experience is called serverile berth. It is described as follow. A mother and child are introduced to a room with toys. Three transactions later the child is left alone with a stranger then the mother ordain come again and the child is again left alone without the stranger. The aim of the experience was to see how the child reacts on the presence and absence of the mother as a secure base when eft alone with a strange person and the experience lasted twenty minutes (Payne, 200582). fivesome patterns of behaviour were identified the first one was secure attachment, the due south one was insecure avoidant, and the one-third one was insecure ambivalent, the fourth one was insecure and disorganised and the fifth one was non-attachment. Although this experience was done on a child under stress, the results of attachment are maintained by mover ofout the life cycle. Therefore it helps to understand an adult behaviour when facing separation or bereavement.For instance to be able to understand how Ramesh was link to his mother and what kind of remedy strategies t o use, a mixer worker has to consider these patterns of attachment. The fact that Ramesh cannot cope without the mother being some even though he was the one looking after her, can be interpreted as a fear of self-sufficiency or compromised(Holmes199620). He had an insecure ambivalent attachment. He was clinged to his mother, she was a secure base moreover her death made him in open and fearful to imbibe back his autonomy and assertiveness.He seems to be showing his anger and disturb through drinking, smoking, an overdose of anti-depressant and attempting suicide. He is facing with the loss of a profound attachment figure. Bowlbys rendering of attachment guess focuses on mother. He did not scoop out into account of the role of the father or a different care giver or multiple care givers. In other cultures, the across-the-board family has an importance in rising up children. Also the socio-economic aspect was not raised by Bowlby. gist that for him a father was the main b read master and a mother had the duties to look after children at home.He did not consider working mothers and single parenting. that again Bowlbys work was done during the gentlemans gentleman war 1950s. supplement system did not take into account of individuality. For instance, in a strange land site, different children would have reacted otherwise. Moreover Kagan quoted in psychological science and social care suggested that avoidant infants are difficult to upset, ambivalent infants are easy to stress and that secure infants are somewhere between these two (Messer & Jones, 2001232).But again some hatful compute that, the classification of attachment behaviour patterns are useful to understand children, to trace back childishness history and to be able to understand adults veritable problems in relation to mental health. Theories give an idea about what is happening in a situation in social work profession. It also directs workers on how they are sack to solve problem s, what needs to be done in secern to resolve the problem. Having saying that, attachment theory helps to understand Ramesh behaviour and attitude. He was admitted to the hospital because of depression.This could be explained by the fact that there is a relationship between bereavement and pic to psychiatric disorder (Holmes, 1996179). However, social worker pass on have the task to assist Ramesh in his explorations of his present and past life. The social worker has to understand how Ramesh is manage with the bereavement in his life. In order to do so the worker has to work in fusion with Ramesh, he is the best person to explain how he is feeling and get by, also what needs to be done to solve the problem immediately.Attachment theory helps to understand what is going on in Rameshs life. The next pervert will be to take action to help him. Crisis intervention model is then a pragmatical tool that helps professionals to act efficiently. Crisis intervention was first develope d by Roberts who defined it as turning points in commonwealths lives (Roberts quoted in Payne, 2005 103). This means that, it is a point of time for deciding something when an individual is approach with an urgent stressful situation such(prenominal) as bereavement, a loss of a closer family phallus or a loss of job.The response should be then spontaneous. The theory focuses on a particular(a) period of time (four to six weeks) within which a social worker helps and supports a service user who works though bereavement to develop unseasoned adaptive ways of coping. It assumes that the society we live in is a smooth society where norms and values are shared and understandable by all. Everyone should fit in it but then again in case an individual experiences distress he or she should dress away to resolve it in order to conform.Crisis intervention also states that the life course of all individuals is make up of many events crisis. According to (Roberts 199529) A crisis is a per iod of Psychological disequilibrium and decreased functioning as a result of an event or situation that creates a significant problem which cannot be resolved by using familiar coping strategies. In addition, people in crisis may experience a host of emotions, including feelings of anxiety, guilt, helplessness and withdrawal from friends and relatives. According to the definition, Ramesh can be considered to be facing crisis.For instance according to the culture provided, Ramesh has attempted suicide, he took an overdose of anti-depressants, and he is avoiding his friends. bring forward to this the sister stated that Ramesh has become depressed and was drinking and smoking a lot. All of this information indicates the partitioning of Rameshs psychological equilibrium. The major cause of all these problems is the death of his mother. Ramesh major power be scared to take on a new role. This suggests that new approaches essential be developed for Ramesh to build his equilibrium.Cri sis intervention theoretical method can therefore be use when working with Ramesh to ensure that he develops new coping mechanisms. It is based on ego psychology derived from a psychologist, Freud and others who helped in the building of his work. It was developed nearly the observations of Caplan 1965 and others who looked at how people coped with a crisis in their lives. Psychodynamic ego psychology is used in crisis intervention to emphasise peoples emotional effectivenesss in dealing with crisis (Payne 200598).This theory is a coping mechanism for any crisis situations including national violence, mental health, child abuse, drugs or alcohol problems, or the admission to hospital or care home, crack-up of close relationships etc. The crisis poses a major little terror to most human beings. The response to this crisis differs from one person to another. For instance, the bereavement can be coped very well with the presence of family members and friends by one person composi tion another whose life centred almost entirely around the dead person may feel that life is not worth and reject the support uncommitted as Ramesh did according to his sister.The theory works then towards the provision of opportunity for growth and positive changes following(a) an emotional or physical experience which may lead a person to a gift down. The idea of crisis intervention theory is to empower the person and to support them in taking the positives from the situation. Ramesh case study is a typical case where crisis intervention theory is a useful tool to use. There are lots of crisis situations surrounding him which therefore, needs intervention. Intervention has a very active, practical, directive about it.The crisis in Ramesh is not the issue of his mothers death but rather his perception of and response to this situation. His crisis responses will be seen as drinking, smoking, taking time off the job and not eating enough. Issues raised in this case are that Ramesh is depressed and introverted as described by his sister. Crisis intervention theory suggests that a particular issue in a presumption crisis aptitude represent a reaction to an issue elsewhere in the same or a connected issue. Going through this hard time might be an unfamiliar situation for him.An action at one point can therefore be expected to lead to a reaction elsewhere. If at this point in Rameshs life and intervention does not take place, then, he might go back to hospital and maybe end up with a severe mental health problem. I feel that crisis intervention can help Ramesh to develop a new coping mechanism by working through his experiences and feelings so he can see things better and light to stability. Crisis intervention looks at what someone can do rather than cannot do therefore it is a social model of intervention.This can be achieved through the use of the seven stages of the theory described by Roberts 1995. The first stage is an initial assessment, where Ramehs r isks and safety are identified unitedly with others. If he is thought to be a high danger to himself or to others, referral is made to a head-shrinker for consideration of hospitalisation. In the event of hospitalisation, the intervention proceeds. On the second stage, the worker should establish rapport and remove communication with Ramesh for him to understand that he can inhibit current problems and arrive at a fit tomorrow (Roberts, 1995 20).This can be done through listening and reassuring him of a stable hereafter. It will also help him in reducing the negatives aspects in his crisis events by structured therapy dealing with the immediate crisis that is taking small steps in dealing with his anxieties. The third stage requires the worker to explore Rameshs be strengths, weaknesses and resources. It is also about identifying the major problems to deal with and addressing them. On the next stage, the worker sets some goals using the strength approach.Providing practical h elp and assessment of the relevant crisis issues will enable the presenting crisis situation to return to equilibrium. With Rameshs situation, concentrate on the crisis event but also expanding beyond the factual information to include his current emotions is the first step. His crisis issues will be separated in order to decrease his anxieties and to help him make lasts about the smoking, drinking, relationship with his sister and play cricket with his friends one at a time and for him to be able to define his goals and develop an action plan.In stage five, the worker should appliance the plan, teaching new skills or mobilizing other support. Actions that needs to be taken are the use of a counselor to obtain detailed psychological information, identifying the rampart for example, the resilience of socialisation, acknowledgement of his strengths and interest for example playing cricket while addressing the rejection of his sister support. Moreover the elements of psychological ego psychology can also be applied to emphasize Rameshs strength in dealing with crisis.This method will be significant because Ramesh seems to be acting unconsciously and has a psychological disequilibrium. For instance, he has been drinking and smoking a lot and hardly eating, also isolating himself from his friends and feeling flagitious that he did help his mother enough when she was alive. The therapeutic intervention will assist Ramesh to recognise his plaguy and repressed feelings. If Ramesh identifies his hidden thoughts and feelings, new coping mechanisms should be established through the mobilization of resources for support such as offering him bereavement counseling.The aim is to get down continuing unpleasant effects and emotions. Then on the sixth stage, Ramesh together with his counselor need to come off the actions that were taken and evaluate their success but to return back to the action if the crisis is not fully resolved. On the final stage, he would also be helped to think about voltage future crisis, how they might be addressed and where future support may be found. And if his case is going to be terminated collectable to success of his actions, his feelings will be process around ending the therapeutic relationship.By providing crisis intervention, Ramesh learns new ways of coping, sees himself differently and new opportunities for the future whilst being empowered to take control. According to (Thompson 200111) good practice is not dependent on the use of anyone method or approach, it is more to do with using the methods in an anti-oppressive way. This means not being only aware of the potential for discrimination and oppression in the worker and service user relationship in social work practice, but also need to constantly look at ways of using the approaches in order to reduce oppression and discrimination.The support helps him to draw out the positives from the changes he experienced. Cognitive behavioural theory also works we ll with crisis intervention as it comes from the psychological theories of information processing which can also agree how Ramesh is feeling and coping with the crisis situation. Ramesh will also be aware that decisions should not be made on the basis of one problem alone as it will create other problems. My rationale of choosing this theory is that, a limited period of time is given to resolve the crisis and therefore, effective in terms of effort and resources.The sooner Ramesh regains control of his life the better in one hand. On the other hand, good practice takes time. Consequently, an early assessment and intervention are crucial, in order to react effectively to gear towards preventing future crisis. Also crisis intervention can be highly intrusive and directive which can raise number of issues, for example ethical dilemmas and rights such as decision making process. In summary, I have explained attachment and crisis intervention theories and how the first one helps Social role player to understand human behaviour when facing bereavement.The second approach has a role to play in promoting the anti-oppressive approach in social work practice, by restoring as much control as possible and validating and celebrating service user strengths. It uses elements of ego-psychology from psychodynamic perspective and promotes the time limited and more focused ways of working with service users. Although, the theories have limitations, they provide frameworks for Social Workers to quest after with service users in the most effective way. Bibliography Holmes, J. (1996) Attachment, Intimacy, shore leave Using Attachment Theory in grownup Psychotherapy.New Jersey Book Mart Press. Holmes, J. (1997) John Bowlby and Attachment Theory. capital of the United Kingdom Routledge. Messer, D & Jones, F. (2001) Psychology and Social Care. capital of the United Kingdom Jessica Kingsley Publishers Ltd. Oko, J. (2008) Understanding Social Work Theory. London nurture Matters. P ayne, M. (2005) Modern Social Work Theory. 3rd ed. London Palgrave Macmillan. Roberts, A R. (1995) Crisis Intervention and Time-Limited Cognitive Treatment. London wise Publication Ltd. Thompson, N. (2001) Anti-discriminatory Practice. 3rd ed. Basingstoke Palgrave.