Health Records And Changing Health Care Delivery Systems

In the Health Information Services, rapid changes have swept the industry through electronic health records and changing health care delivery systems. Due to these changes, such employees have seen their jobs change drastically and this has become a major issue for the industry. Redesigning jobs can be effective or counter-productive. If they overload and stress people then they can see productivity plummet. However, if people become to specialized with monotonous duties, they can also see productivity plummet. In this analysis by Elizabeth Layman, she looks at all the potential factors and outputs and leaves with an approach to forming new roles that may effectively help the business address these concerns. Layman provides us a thorough breakdown of problems and solutions with possible results. This thorough exploration of the process is a key to making attainable and realistic goals that will be challenging and effective. However, she falls short of making full SMART goals because she doesn’t implement a timeline. We are left to assume that companies in the industry will need to make their own timelines to make a finely tuned SMART goal. However, her goal to redesign the jobs effectively covers specific tasks in her DESIGN step-by-step approach, such as detecting and monitoring data that may indicate change. This lends itself to the measurability of her goals. Her step-by-step approach is driven by data and reflection on measurable numbers. The goals are certainlyShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On The Electronic Health Records Essay1484 Words   |  6 PagesClinical documentation has been used throughout the healthcare to analyze care provided to a patient, communicate important information between healthcare providers and patients, and provide medical records that will help patients track their conditions. The Electronic Health Records (EHRs) have revolutionized the process of clinical documentation through direct care to the patient. This electronic he alth record is a new technology that helps maintain patient’s privacy. Both computers and EHRs canRead MoreThe Electronic Health Records ( Ehrs ) Essay1644 Words   |  7 Pageshealthcare to analyze care provided to a patient, communicate important information between healthcare providers and patients, and provide medical records that will help patients track their conditions. The Electronic Health Records (EHRs) have revolutionized the process of clinical documentation through direct care to the patient. This electronic health record is a new technology that helps maintain patient’s privacy and to direct care of the patient. Both Computer systems and EHRs can facilitateRead MoreIntegrated Healthcare Delivery Systems ( Idss )863 Words   |  4 PagesS healthcare system has been characterized as complex, fragmented and costly, and one that thus results in an inefficient allocation of resources. Due to this, the concept of integrated healthcare delivery systems (IDSs) has gained much interest over the past few decades. Throughout healthcare policy, these systems have been considered the better solution to addressing issues surrounding not only the cost of care to the system, but the quality of care that is provided from the system. Much in alignmentRead MoreHealth Care Delivery System Of The United States877 Words   |  4 PagesHealth Care Delivery System The health care delivery system of the United States is unique compared to the other developed countries. The health care system of United States relies on the development and implementation of new health care technology. The use of new technology in the field of health care will help to provide services with increased quality and efficacy (Shi Singh, 2015). The external forces affecting the provision of health care delivery also has an inevitable role in the functioningRead MoreThe Population Profile Of Australia1396 Words   |  6 Pagescreated impacting changes to how health care in Australia is to be delivered in the near future (Charlesworth, 2015). High rates of obesity, diabetes, heart diseases and poor life style choices such as smoking, alcohol and substance abuse, add to an existing crisis that imposes more pressure on an overworked healthcare system (Willcox, 2014). Future challenges for health industry leaders are to develop strategies, for delivery of inclusive and accessible health care (Council Of Australian GovernmentsRead MoreHealth Care Changes and Challenges1177 Words   |  5 PagesHealth Care Changes and Challenges Dindi White HSC490 May 18, 2015 Jennifer Johnson Health Care Changes and Challenges Some people may believe that health care is not changing. However, todays health care system is changing. Today’s advanced technology and growing population have required health care organizations to evolve. Changes in health care can present challenges, and the challenges must be addressed and dealt with accordingly. Today’s health care system is changing. In order forRead More Nursing Essay1428 Words   |  6 PagesIn this era of increasing medical technology, changing modes of communication and the expansion of nursing professional roles, ethical, legal and social issues in nursing are increasing. Nurses operate in situations that put them under ethical, legal and social challenges on a daily basis. These issues are linked to legislative changes and ethics of medical technologies geared towards helping nurses to provide better healthcare, for patients. They govern issues of confidentiality, practice, medicalRead MoreEvolution Of Health Care Info Systems. Physician’S Offices1514 Words   |  7 PagesEvolution of Health Care info Systems Physician’s offices and different facilities have modified considerably over the last twenty years. Technology has influenced everything in health care. it s influenced the means info is unbroken, stored, shared and analyzed. within the future, we will expect technology to still modification and improve the means health care is delivered. it s the expectation that technology can improve the general public health and reduce the overwhelming price of health supplyRead MoreThe Widespread Adoption Of Information Technology Essay1725 Words   |  7 Pagestechnology (IT) has resulted in significant savings in health care costs as well as improved patient health and safety. Today in healthcare facilities, databases store records that can be accessed from anywhere in the world. This results in better data coordination and management (Banova, 2013). The benefits of increased use of IT continues to grow as leaders in the field of medicine create innovative ways to use IT to improve the business and health care side of medicine. IT has increased the efficiencyRead MoreWhat Factors Affecting Delivery Quality Management Programs Affect The Successful Delivery Of Medical Services1550 Words   |  7 PagesInterpret Factors Affecting Delivery Quality management programs affect the successful delivery of medical services in a managed health care system. What s the Issue? The new health care era focuses on improving patient health outcomes (Kirzecky Jones, 2013). As a result, the uncertainty in the United States health services industry and the constant changes place significant demand on health care providers and the individuals who lead and manage health care delivery systems (Stowe, Haefner, Behling

Meet Ppr s New Director Of Urban Forestry - 1148 Words

Meet PPR’s New Director of Urban Forestry Lori Hayes Lori Hayes began her career with Philadelphia Parks Recreation (PPR) as a Penn State summer student intern, June of 1981. Due to family circumstances, Lori had to get a job immediately. As a result of her internship experience, Lori decided to take the Grounds Maintenance Worker 1 test and passed. One of Lori’s proudest moments was that she began working with PPR when she was 21 years-old. After permanent appointment, she was able to advance within PPR as a Grounds Maintenance Worker 2, and Grounds Maintenance Worker 3 (Crew Chief). In the early 90s, Lori became a Landscape Project Technician and oversaw contracts regarding street trees. In 1996, she was promoted to a Park District†¦show more content†¦Heading the Urban Forestry Department, my unit is responsible for the pruning, planting and removal of street trees. I manage the operations tree division, supervise the street tree contract unit, oversee TreePhilly, respond to emergencies involving trees— storms, weather emergencies, accidents, or trees falling from old age. I’m pretty much involved in everything that relates to Philadelphia Parks Recreation and tree care. PPR: How do you feel about TreePhilly’s growth? LH: I love it, I’m proud of the program, and I’m honored to be a part of it. Their slogan/logo is â€Å"City of Arborly Love,† which I love, as a green person myself. All the support from Philly’s citizens the past five years has been great, I’m watching the initiative’s reach grow larger every year. I have volunteered at the community yard tree giveaways, assisting with handing out trees and leading tree care demos, not knowing that in my future role I would be working closely with TreePhilly’s Program Director Erica Smith and Program Assistant Katy Ament. I’m excited about TreePhilly’s future and proud to have a closer relationship with that program. What has been the favorite aspect of your PPR career? LH: I like emergency response. If it is a critical situation I am there! We had an incident the same day as the Philadelphia Marathon and a tree came down on a moving car on Henry Avenue in the Northwest section of the city. The woman in the vehicle wasShow MoreRelatedInternship Report in Janata Bank Limited9784 Words   |  40 Pagesinformation are as follows: ↠ Annual reports of Janata Bank. ↠ Study of the relevant files as instructed by the offices concerned. ↠ Periodicals published by Bangladesh Bank. ↠ Various books, articles, ↠ The web site of the Bank ↠ New papers ↠ Banks internal records. 1.6 Limitations: The study is constrained with several limitations. Some of these limitations are:- ⠝â€" The employees of the Janata Bank remains so much busy with their own work that it is quite tough to provide

Batna Negotiation free essay sample

BATNA Dont put all your eggs in one basket. To a negotiator, this wise old proverb illustrates that if you bring only a single proposal to the table, you may likely end up with a rotten deal, or no deal at all. You need to have an alternative plan waiting in the wings. BATNA is an acronym described by Roger Fisher and William Ury which means Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement. It is the alternative action that will be taken when your proposed agreement with another party results in an unsatisfactory agreement or when an agreement fails to materialize. If the result of your current negotiation only offers a value that is less than your BATNA, there is no point in proceeding with the negotiation, and one should use their best available alternative option instead. Prior to the start of negotiations, each party should have ascertained their own individual BATNA When developing a  BATNA, a negotiator should: Brainstorm a list of alternatives that could be considered if the negotiation failed to deliver a favourable agreement: * Select the most promising alternatives and develop them into practical and attainable alternatives: and * Identify the most beneficial alternative to be kept in reserve as a fall-back during the negotiation. A BATNA does not concern what should be achieved, but what the course of action should be if an agreement is not reached within a certain time. The question as to whether a BATNA should be disclosed to the other party depends on the strength (attractiveness) of the BATNA. If a negotiator has a strong BATNA, it may be beneficial to reveal it, as this would prevent the other party from acting as if a good alternative does not exist. Where a party has a weak BATNA, non-disclosure may be the preferred approach, as this may prove to be a bonus that should not be squandered through disclosure. The more a negotiator knows about the alternatives available to the other party, the better that negotiator is able to prepare for a negotiation. If a negotiator before a negotiation has access to information that the other party is over-estimating its BATNA, such information could very effectively be used to lower its negotiation expectations. Where both parties to a negotiation have a strong BATNA, negotiation would seem rather meaningless, as there would be very little incentive to come to an agreement. In such cases the parties should rather look elsewhere to pursue their business. It is crucial to think of BATNA as having two stages in a negotiation. You start off with your walking-in BATNA; the things you can influence or control before the negotiation begins. However, once negotiation starts, the BATNA is a dynamic element, changing as you derive information about the interests of other parties and their constituencies and as you compare the resources each party (including you) has available to bring about and fulfil an agreement. BATNA doesnt come in a package. It comes from planning and preparation. It is a twofold process. First, you have to determine all your available options. Then, you must also realistically estimate your  counterparts  alternatives. Each is equally important. Otherwise, it will be impossible to gauge the strength of your best alternative in relation to their best alternative. Your plan should be a flexible approach. It is important to keep in mind that both your approach, and your alternatives, should be able to bend in the wind and weather the unexpected storm. A negotiator may enter the talks with a preconceived idea of the best alternatives available to both parties, but must not be bound by them. Circumstances can alter rapidly. Unexpected changes can be anything from new information on the table; a sudden rise in costs due to political upheaval; new legislation: or, even a climatic intervention such as an unexpected and untimely frost. A sudden shift in conditions can immediately affect the strength of either party BATNA during the negotiation process. Whats in Your BATNA? How do you determine your best alternatives to a negotiated agreement? First, you have to dissect both your position and your  interests. Then, look at the sum of these parts relative to all the alternative options available. Pick the best option. Finally, do the reverse from your counterparts perspective. A well prepared negotiator looks at the whole picture. Some of the most crucial factors which should be considered include; * The cost Ask yourself how much it will cost to make the deal relative to the cost of your best alternative. Cost estimation may entail both the short term and the long term. It boils down to figuring out which of your options is the most affordable. * Feasibility Which option is the most feasible? Which one can you realistically apply over all the rest of your available options? Impact Which of your options will have the most immediate positive influence on your current state of affairs? * Consequences What do you think or estimate will happen as you consider each option as a possible solution? Examples: Lets illustrate BATNA by using a simple example. In the first scenario, lets say that you are a buyer who goes to a supplier to purchase some badly needed parts to complete a project. The supplier senses your urgency. You want the lowest price possible while  he wants the higher price. You have no fallback  position. Youre both in the boat, but its the supplier whos holding the oars, so guess who decides where the boat makes land? On the other hand, say you go to the meeting prepared. Before arranging the meet, you set up talks with 2 other suppliers who are ready and able to handle all your needs. When you meet with the first supplier in this second scenario, you can calmly sit back in your chair, and allow the supplier to finish  his offering. Now look at the reaction when you tell him about  his competitors willingness to solve your problem. You have BATNA! The talks suddenly become more amenable. So, whos holding the oars now?

The Industrial Revolution Was Dawning In The United States. At Essays

The Industrial Revolution was dawning in the United States. At Lowell, Massachusetts, the construction of a big cotton mill began in 1821. It was the first of several that would be built there in the next 10 years. The machinery to spin and weave cotton into cloth would be driven by water power. All that the factory owners needed was a dependable supply of labor to tend the machines. As most jobs in cotton factories required neither great strength nor special skills, the owners thought women could do the work as well as or better than men. In addition, they were more compliant. The New England region was home to many young, single farm girls who might be recruited. But would stern New England farmers allow their daughters to work in factories? The great majority of them would not. They believed that sooner or later factory workers would be exploited and would sink into hopeless poverty. Economic "laws" would force them to work harder and harder for less and less pay. How, then, were the factory owners able to recruit farm girls as laborers? They did it by building decent houses in which the girls could live. These houses were supervised by older women who made sure that the girls lived by strict moral standards. The girls were encouraged to go to church, to read, to write and to attend lectures. They saved part of their earnings to help their families at home or to use when they got married. The young factory workers did not earn high wages; the average pay was about $3.50 a week. But in those times, a half-dozen eggs cost five cents and a whole chicken cost 15 cents. The hours worked in the factories were long. Generally, the girls worked 11 to 13 hours a day, six days a week. But most people in the 1830s worked from dawn until dusk, and farm girls were used to getting up early and working until bedtime at nine o'clock. The factory owners at Lowell believed that machines would bring progress as well as profit. Workers and capitalists would both benefit from the wealth created by mass production. For a while, the factory system at Lowell worked very well. The population of the town grew from 200 in 1820 to 30,000 in 1845. But conditions in Lowell's factories had already started to change. Faced with growing competition, factory owners began to decrease wages in order to lower the cost--and the price--of finished products. They increased the number of machines that each girl had to operate. In addition, they began to overcrowd the houses in which the girls lived. Sometimes eight girls had to share one room. In 1836, 1,500 factory girls went on strike to protest wage cuts. (The girls called their action a "turn out.") But it was useless. Desperately poor immigrants were beginning to arrive in the United States from Europe. To earn a living, they were willing to accept low wages and poor working conditions. Before long, immigrant women replaced the "Yankee" (American) farm girls. To many people, it was apparent that justice for wage earners would not come easily. Labor in America faced a long, uphill struggle to win fair treatment. In that struggle, more and more workers would turn to labor unions to help their cause. They would endure violence, cruelty and bitter defeats. But eventually they would achieve a standard of living unknown to workers at any other time in history. In colonial America, most manufacturing was done by hand in the home. Some was done in workshops attached to the home. As towns grew into cities, the demand for manufactured goods increased. Some workshop owners began hiring helpers to increase production. Relations between the employer and helper were generally harmonious. They worked side by side, had the same interests and held similar political views. The factory system that began around 1800 brought great changes. The employer no longer worked beside his employees. He became an executive and a merchant who rarely saw his workers. He was concerned less with their welfare than with the cost of their labor. Many workers were angry about the changes brought by the factory system. In the past, they had taken great pride in their handicraft skills; now machines did practically all the work, and they were reduced to the status of common laborers. In bad times they could lose their jobs. Then they might be replaced by workers who would accept lower wages. To skilled craft workers, the Industrial Revolution meant degradation rather than progress. As the factory system grew,

World Regional Geography Arab World and Islamic World

World Regional Geography Arab World and Islamic World Definition of the realm The realm can be described as a dry world containing the expansive Sahara and Arabian deserts. The inhabitants of the region are known to live near water sources. They live along the Mediterranean coastal strip of north-west Africa, eastern Asia and north eastern shores of Mediterranean sea, Nile Delta,Tigris-Euphraites basin, oases and along the mountain slopes of Iran(south of the Caspian sea) and northeast of Turkestan. The people in this region lead a nomadic lifestyle and some carryout sedentary farming along the oases and trade.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on World Regional Geography: â€Å"Arab World† and â€Å"Islamic World† specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Generally the realm covers North Africa and Southwest Asia regions. It is believed to be a center of the ancient civilization that thrived from its river valleys and basins. Out of the â€Å"realms culture, he arths diffused ideas, innovations, technologies that changed the world and also resulted into three world religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam† (Schaefer 289). The natural â€Å"environment of the realm is majorly comprised of drought and unreliable precipitation† (Schaefer 290). Population settlement is â€Å"characterized by clusters around where water supply is adequate to marginal† (Schaefer 290). Some of the countries in this realm have enormous oil reserves that have created wealth for some and on the other hand doing little to raise the living standards for the majority. The boundaries of North Africa and Southwest Asia realm is composed of volatile transition zones with conflicts over the scarce resources. Religious, â€Å"ethnic and cultural differences cause disharmony in the region and especially in the Middle East region where Israel lies at the center of the conflict within the region† (Schaefer 291). An â€Å"Arab world† This ref ers to North Africa and south west Asia regions. This term is used to refer to a uniformity that is not in existence. The name Arab is used to refer to the people who speak Arabic and other related languages though some ethnologists associate it to the Arabian Peninsula. The Turks are not Arabs in any case and are neither Iranians nor Israelis. It is a fact that Arabic is spoken across Mauritania in North Africa to the Arabian Peninsula, Syria and Iraq but not spoken some parts of the realm. For instance, in Turkey, Turkish is the language and has Ural-Altaic other than Arabic, Semitic or Hermitic roots. On the other hand, the Iranian languages belong to the Indo-European linguistic family. The Tuareg, the Jews. Berbers and the people living in the transition zone between the North and South Africa speak different languages though they all belong in the Arab world (MacLeod and Jones 705). An â€Å"Islamic world† The realm is also called the World of Islam. This is mainly attr ibuted to the expansive spread of Islam into Africa, Asia and Europe during the Arab conquest and expansion age after the death of Prophet Mohammed in 632. However, it is worth to note that today Islam as a faith extends beyond this realm. Moreover other faiths such as Christianity (Egypt and Lebanon), Judaism and others exist in this region.Advertising Looking for assessment on geography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Middle-East This is the commonly used name to refer to the realm. It is a name that might sound strange to someone in India who would rather go for Middle West. The Western world which was the source of the name was extremely biased because to them it was a Near East in Turkey, Middle East in Egypt, Arabia and Iraq and finally a Far East in China and Japan. In realty, the name can only be applicable in one region of this expansive realm and not the entire region covered by the realm (Kimble 614). Ki mble, Hebert. â€Å"The Inadequacy of the Regional Concept.† London Essays in Geography 2.17 (1951): 601-617. Print. MacLeod, George and Jones Mother. â€Å"Renewing The Geography of Regions.† Environment and Planning 16.9 (2001): 669-800. Print. Schaefer, Frankline. â€Å"Exceptionalism in Geography: A Methodological Examination.† Annals of the Association of American Geographers 43.3 (1953): 298-305. Print.

The Story Behind Words for Hair Color

The Story Behind Words for Hair Color The Story Behind Words for Hair Color The Story Behind Words for Hair Color By Mark Nichol The conventions for referring to hair color are tousled. Why is it that we refer to someone with light-colored hair as a blonde (and, rarely, a blond) but we call someone with red hair a redhead? Why are blonde and brunette spelled two ways? Blond and its feminine form blonde, both from the Latin word blundus (â€Å"yellow†) by way of French, may have in turn come from a Frankish word that could be related to Old English blondan, â€Å"to mix,† which shares its origins with blend. Blond is usually employed as an adjective, the term as a noun for a man with blond hair, by contrast, is rare. Because blonds and blondes are more likely to be fair-skinned as well as fair-haired, the term is also associated with light complexion. The presence of both masculine and feminine forms for blond/blonde and brunet/brunette is due to their French (and ultimately Latin) roots, as it were, as opposed to the Germanic origins of black and red, the words for the other major hair colors, which have a neutral form. Normally, English might have jettisoned one gendered form for blond/blonde. However, the venerable theme in popular culture of the blonde-haired woman as more sexually attractive and available (as well as flighty, shallow, and dimwitted), as compared to females with hair of another color, has caused the noun form blonde and brunette to endure. The numerous terms for variations in blond hair, not necessarily in order of darkness, include sandy, strawberry, and dirty. Towhead (the first syllable refers to its resemblance to tow, flax or hemp fibers used for twine or yarn) describes a person with yellowish and often unruly hair. Brunet and brunette, from the gender-specific diminutives of the French brun (â€Å"brown†), mean â€Å"brown haired.† (Brun and its diminutives originally also referred to a dark complexion.) As with blond and blonde, the male form is rarely used on its own as a noun, though the masculine and feminine variations persist probably because of the same double standard in association of hair color with female sexuality and with personality characteristics as mentioned in reference to blondes above. (Dark-haired women are stereotyped as serious, sophisticated, and capable.) Words for shades of brown hair, from darkest to lightest, are brunet/brunette, chestnut, walnut (the last two as compared to colors of the respective nuts), golden, and ash. Redhead is yet another term for hair color used as a noun; in contrast to the colors mentioned above, it is not gender specific, though as blonde and brunette are much more common in usage than blond and brunet, it is more likely to refer to a woman than a man. Variations in red hair, listed in alphabetical order rather than according to depth of color, include auburn, copper, ginger, and orange. (Auburn derives ultimately from the Latin word albus, meaning â€Å"white,† but thanks to the influence of brun, the French spelling auborne changed, as did the meaning, to â€Å"reddish brown.†) The prevailing and long-standing cultural stereotype about redheads is that they are hot tempered; the hair color has also been associated with a high libido. Alone among descriptions of people with general hair tones, a black-haired person is never referred to by the word black alone. Hair-color categories are arbitrary strawberry blond is sometimes considered a type of red hair, and auburn might be classified as a type of brown hair though a system called the Fischer-Saller scale, devised for anthropological and medical classification, assigns alphabetical letters and roman numerals to various grades of hair color. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:30 Religious Terms You Should KnowDawned vs. Donnedâ€Å"Least,† â€Å"Less,† â€Å"More,† and â€Å"Most†

Employment Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Employment Relations - Essay Example References are also given about different stages of employment relations starting from the beginning of the industrial revolution which resulted in mass production and mass employment. It is also why labour pressed for living wages and why labour movements at different times are connected to the living wage (Blanchflower et al., 2007). Literature review for the paper was written by taking into consideration both hypothetical and practical aspects of the manner in which living wage is connected to the labour movement and why labour started the movement to be paid a living wage. Research for a living wage is quite a debatable area, and there are many different theories regarding the inception and implementation for a living wage. The review examines a few theoretical aspects and then reviews empirical evidence of some contemporary findings. Analysis of the literature suggests that the issue raised is pragmatic which must consider the framework of negative or positive domestic local factors that contribute to the overall analysis of current and past relationships between employers and employees. Conceptual issues involved were reviews which included the progression of employment relations since labour started demanding a living wage. Nevertheless, the purpose of the review is to evaluate the available evidence to reach a coherent conclusion about relevant viewpoints of employment relations. The demand for minimum wages depends upon different factors such as the overall demand for labour, skill required for the job and the cost incurred by the employer for the product. The most difficult aspect of this is calculating wages considering outside influences. Literature for the different aspects of individual and collective bargaining, including various steps taken to improve the relationship have been discussed in this paper (Coats,

The Implications of the Human Genome Project Essay

The Implications of the Human Genome Project - Essay Example The only current instrument in effect that discusses both the human genome and international human rights is the Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights (Declaration)† (Tauer, 2001). This declaration looks at the rights of people in the project, the duties of nations to cooperate, and the protection of genetic information revealed by the project itself. People want to protect their privacy on the one hand, but on the other hand the HGP can lead to a new future in which there is more implementation. As with many bioethics issues, there is a degree of controversy to the human genome projet. On the potentially positive side, the HGP can help doctors and scientists to better predict and avoid genetic disorders. It is the assumption that in the future genetic disorders from cerebral palsy to bipolar disorder will be able to be seen through genetic through genetics research such as the HGP. This involves complex and interwoven factors of psychiatric and physical genetic disorders, genetic susceptibility, research ethics, and other points to consider. â€Å"The growth in knowledge resulting from the mapping of the human genome sequence has enabled life science researchers to better understand the function of genes and discover the genetic basis for health and disease, ultimately resulting in th development of new and highly effective drug therapies and treatments† (Human, 2004). However, there is also a shadowy side that have many worried about the future. It is important when looking at the HGP to link the concept of genetic disorders and genetic susceptibility to research ethics by highlighting the ethical problems that may come up in presenting data to family members and patients regarding their susceptibility to genetically predisposed problems. It may be suggested that in the future researchers will have to address these issues more concretely. In the future as susceptibility genes are

Colonization of Brazil Essay Example for Free

Colonization of Brazil Essay In 1549, the Captaincy Colonies of Brazil were united into the Governorate General of Brazil, where they were provincial captaincies of Brazil; Luà ­s Teixeira, 1574. Main article: Colonial Brazil Explorer Pedro à lvares Cabral landed on April 22, 1500 in what is today Porto Seguro, Brazil. Permanent habitation did not begin until Sà £o Vicente was founded in 1532, although temporary trading posts were established earlier to collect brazilwood, used as a dye. From 1534 to 1536, 15 Captaincy colonies were created in Portuguese America. The captaincies were autonomous, and mostly private, colonies of the Portuguese Empire, each owned and run by a Captain-major. In 1549, due to their failure and limited success, the Captaincy Colonies of Brazil were united into the Governorate General of Brazil. The captaincy colonies were reorganized as provincial districts to the Governorate. The captaincies continued to be ruled by their hereditary captain-majors but they now reported to the Governor-General of Brazil. The new system was implemented so that Portuguese America could be managed correctly and provide a steady and wealthy income for the Portuguese Empire. The capital of the new governorate established its capital at Sà £o Salvador and the first Jesuits arrived the same year. With permanent settlement came the establishment of the sugar cane industry and its intensive labor demands which were met with Native and later African slaves. From 1565 through 1567, Mem de Sà ¡, the third Governor General of Brazil, successfully destroyed a ten year-old French colony called France Antarctique, at Guanabara Bay. He and his nephew, Està ¡cio de Sà ¡, then founded the city of Rio de Janeiro on March 1567. In 1621, Philip II of Portugal divided the Governorate General of Brazil into two separate and autonomous colonies, the State of Maranhà £o and the State of Brazil. Regarding this period it is preferable to refer to Portuguese America rather than Portuguese Brazil or Colonial Brazil, as the states were two separate colonies, each with their own governor general and government. Between 1630 and 1654, the Netherlands came to control part of Brazils Northeast region, with their capital in Recife. The Portuguese won a significant victory in the Second Battle of Guararapes in 1649. By 1654, the Netherlands had surrendered and returned control of all Brazilian land to the Portuguese. In 1751, the State of Maranhà £o was restructured into State of Grà £o-Parà ¡ and Maranhà £o, with a new capital and government. In 1772, the State of Grà £o-Parà ¡ and Maranhà £o was split into two new states, the State of Grà £o-Parà ¡ and Rio Negro and the State of Maranhà £o and Piauà ­. The new states would fair poorly and only last 3 years. In 1775, the three colonies of Portuguese America (the State of Brazil, the State of Maranhà £o and Piauà ­, and the State of Grà £o-Parà ¡ and Rio Negro) were united into a singular colony, under the State of Brazil. This arrangement would last until the end of Colonial Brazil. As a result, Brazil did not split into several countries, as happened to its Spanish-speaking neighbors.

Computer Fraud And Crimes :: essays research papers fc

Computer Fraud and Crimes In the world of computers, computer fraud and computer crime are very prevalent issues facing every computer user. This ranges from system administrators to personal computer users who do work in the office or at home. Computers without any means of security are vulnerable to attacks from viruses, worms, and illegal computer hackers. If the proper steps are not taken, safe computing may become a thing of the past. Many security measures are being implemented to protect against illegalities. Companies are becoming more aware and threatened by the fact that their computers are prone to attack. Virus scanners are becoming necessities on all machines. Installing and monitoring these virus scanners takes many man hours and a lot of money for site licenses. Many server programs are coming equipped with a program called "netlog." This is a program that monitors the computer use of the employees in a company on the network. The program monitors memory and file usage. A qualified system administrator should be able to tell by the amounts of memory being used and the file usage if something is going on that should not be. If a virus is found, system administrators can pinpoint the user who put the virus into the network and investigate whether or not there was any malice intended. One computer application that is becoming more widely used and, therefore, more widely abused, is the use of electronic mail or email. In the present day, illegal hackers can read email going through a server fairly easily. Email consists of not only personal transactions, but business and financial transactions. There are not many encryption procedures out for email yet. As Gates describes, soon email encryption will become a regular addition to email just as a hard disk drive has become a regular addition to a computer (Gates p.97-98). Encrypting email can be done with two prime numbers used as keys. The public key will be listed on the Internet or in an email message. The second key will be private, which only the user will have. The sender will encrypt the message with the public key, send it to the recipient, who will then decipher it again with his or her private key. This method is not foolproof, but it is not easy to unlock either. The numbers being used will probably be over 60 digits in length (Gates p.98-99). The Internet also poses more problems to users. This problem faces the home user more than the business user. When a person logs onto the Internet, he or she may download a file corrupted with a virus.

Integration versus generic approach Essay

Integration versus Generic Approach Author Note This paper is being submitted on November 17, 2013, HS/100 Introduction to Human services course. Integration versus Generic Approach The integration concept is that which emphasis’s on the integrating of the various human services systems under one organizational or administrative system. In the most basic terms, an integrated service delivery approach serves people better, more efficiently and effectively. Integration calls for people within agencies to be involved and invested in the process of sustainable change. To achieve truly integrated services, organizations must overcome their own interests and look at clients’ needs. (Friedman and Pagan, 2011). Today technology allows human service agencies to have a comprehensive view of client need, giving caseworkers the best information to look at services across programs and to allocate available resources to assist customers. This enables agencies to deploy necessary services quickly in a well-coordinated fashion (Freidman and Pagen, 2011). The generic approach to human services, in part, has integration, but it is generally believed that the existing human services structure is most accurately described as an array of potentially related programs that deliver distinct benefits or services to narrowly defined target populations. These programs are usually separate and distinct, through which money, regulations, and professional norms, and expectations flow. While some overlapping across programs has always existed, each usually operates in a relatively self-contained manner (Corbett and Noyes, 2008). I believe that the integration approach serves our publics best interest. To have all systems and programs come together to see the big picture, to focus on all the problems together, instead of having to go place to place to work on separate issues Unfortunately, a  ready-made definition of service integration does not exist. We have not been able to find a magic threshold that marks the separation of unintegrated service systems from those we would characterize as integrated (Corbett and Noyes, 2008). (Ragan, 2003) states, â€Å"There is no single answer. Based on observations†¦service integration is a combination of strategies that simplifies and facilitates clients’ access to benefits and services. Each site has implemented a distinctive mix of strategies, processes, and partner agencies†.

A New Miss America: Nina Davuluri

Born in Syracuse, New York, and raised in Oklahoma and Michigan, it is hard to pick a more American story than that of Davuluri. The daughter of Indian doctors who immigrated to the United States in the early 1980s, Miss America embodies all ideas of the great American Dream. But an uneducated public is trying to crush that dream with their negativity. Misidentifying Davuluri as Muslim, Arab, Egyptian, and Indonesian, among other ethnicities, Twitter users did not Just stop at proclaiming hat, essentially, non-white participants of the pageant should be disqualified.They also linked her to terrorist organizations, such as A1 Qaeda. Some took it even further, outraged that she should be crowned in the same week as September 1 1 . Those who correctly acknowledged her Indian heritage made racist Jokes, playing on the stereotype that Indian-Americans often work in the grocery and food industries. It is ironic that the 24-year-old New Yorker is bullied about her race after her answer in t he question round of this weekend's pageant. Asked by Miss America udge Carla Hall about TV host Julie Chen's plastic surgery to appear â€Å"less Asian,† Davuluri responded, â€Å"I've always viewed Miss America as the girl next door.And the girl next door is evolving as the diversity in America evolves†¦ Definitely be confident in who you are. † One has to question if Davuluri is staying confident after her crowning considering the negative feedback from the public, although she is putting on a brave face. â€Å"I'm so happy this organization has embraced diversity,† she told The Associated Press. â€Å"There are children watching at home who can finally relate to a new Miss America. Addressing her â€Å"non-American† haters, she said, â€Å"l always viewed myself as first and foremost American. † Davuluri was not the only contestant rebuffed for her race.Fellow Top 5 runners- up Miss California Crystal Lee and Miss Minnesota Rebecca Yeh go t backlash for their Asian roots. Exactly thirty years after Vanessa Williams was crowned as the first black Miss America, it was refreshing to see the racial diversity at this year's pageant, with 13 non-white contestants. It showed a forward-thinking Miss America, focused more on intelligence, drive, talent, and poise and an attempt to move the pageant into the 1st century. Yet the American people were not yet ready for the group of diverse, educated young women who are the face of the future America. According to Census Bureau reports, America will be much less white than it is today, with the percentage of blacks, Asians, and Hispanics increasing in our population. ) These women are independent and strong, they represent many ditterent backgrounds, they are accessible, they are role models, they are real. They do not fit the stereotypical 1950s pageant queen archetype. They are more than that. The Judges could see that, choosing to focus on inner beauty and accomplishments. Some of those who verbally fought Miss America's title were firmly set on who they believed should be queen bee: Miss Kansas Theresa Vail.The 22-year-old blonde beauty is only the second military woman to participate in the pageant. As a sergeant in the U. S. Army and the first Miss America contestant to bear tattoos, Vail was a fan favorite long before the cameras starting rolling at the Atlantic City show. A humorous and highly talented young woman, Vail made it to the Top 10 but was cut from the competition after the talent round. Online, she was well-like because she mbodied the â€Å"real† American woman: she can sing, she has tattoos, she likes to hunt, she is poised but goofy and self-deprecating.She represents middle America. But on closer inspection, she does not embody America as it is today. She embodies what an ideal America used to be: middle class, white, Christian, rural, the picture- perfect WASP woman. So for all the progress the pageant made to depict a well- ro unded, diverse America, the public still gravitated, predictably, to the â€Å"All American Beauty. † â€Å"l swear I'm not racist but this is America. † How has this come to define America, a ountry renown for its opportunities, for its freedoms, and for being the greatest melting pot in the world?How dare you deny Miss America, a talented and intelligent woman, her shot at the American dream? Why are we stuck in archaic mindsets of who deserves to be praised for their accomplishments and then rewarded with scholarship funds to pursue their passions? Who are we to Judge? To Twitter user @JAyres15 and to all of those ganging up on Nina Davuluri: you may swear you are not a racist, but I swear that you are. You hide behind prejudice and bigotry, you are close-minded, and you are the non-American.

ICT and How it Influences Consumer Behaviour in Tourism

ICT and How it Influences Consumer Behaviour in Tourism Introduction There are a number of definitions that exist to describe what the word tourism refers to. In simple terms, tourism can be described as the act of leaving one’s usual place of residence to visit a non-resident location. People will engage in tourism for a variety of reasons and these are in most cases unique to every individual traveler. Motivations for touring places include; education, seeking health services, to undertake work related tasks or for the purpose of relaxation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on ICT and How it Influences Consumer Behaviour in Tourism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In their work, Swarbrooke Horner (2007) define tourism as that short term movement of people to places some distances away from their usual residences with the inte3ntion of indulging in pleasurable activities. At times, one may travel to attend to official business matters. Closely connected to tourism is the hospitality industry which involves taking care of people by providing them with relevant services to ensure their comfort. The world over, tourism is now considered a major source of income and for many countries, incomes received from the tourism and hospitality industries form a major part of the domestic spending. With this realization, countries are now doing their best to promote the growth of the tourism industry. Though the developed nations are greatly profiting from tourism activities, there is still so much to be done in the developing nations to get there. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) innovations have considerably revolutionized the way people interact and perhaps, one of the greatest effects of technological advancements has been the change in the way business operations are handled in different sectors of the economy; tourism being one of them. In the recent past, the Internet has experienced substantial growth and the fact that is available glob ally has contributed to the increase in the number of service providers who have now turned to the use of the Internet as a key marketing tool for their products and services (Vich-I-Martorell, 2002). The many hurdles that originally created a barrier between consumers and providers are now a thing of the past. Suppliers are now presented with alternative ways of marketing and distributing tourist services and products. Though this has come with plenty of benefits for the suppliers it has tremendously affected the operations of others, denying them their means of livelihoods. A majority of consumers and providers are now able to communicate directly with each other without having to depend on intermediaries. Great technological discoveries are seen to provide a working solution for the challenges of growing the tourism industry. Providers are able to cut down on operating expenses allowing them to render their services much cheaply especially by bypassing middlemen. It is also possi ble for providers to reach a wider audience with very minimal costs.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Sadly though, many developing nations are still lagging behind and have not fully embraced the use of ICT though they are well placed just like the developed nations to improve their economies through this vibrant industry. According to Mills Law (2004), the rapid expansion in the travel industry has led to a quest for superior quality information services that are necessary to help meet the demands of a growing number of tourists while at the same time, guaranteeing clients quality tourism services. There is no doubt that a lot of good has been achieved through the use ICT. This paper mainly discusses the impact of technology on the tourism with some mention of other industries. Also addressed is consumer behaviour when it comes to making decisions on choosing tou rist products. The paper also talks about the negative impacts that ICT has had in the tourist industry. Tourist Consumer Behaviour Processes The consumer behaviour process can be described as the procedure taken by a consumer when making a choice of what tourist product or service to purchase or use. A study by Swarbrooke Horner (2007) point out that the purchase decisions can be made either by individuals or in groups. Consumer behaviour has a big effect on an organization’s marketing of its products and is definitely an important consideration for any organization seeking to benefit from marketing. If thoroughly understood, knowledge of consumer behaviour can help an organization to profit considerably from its marketing activities. In the work of Pizam Mansfeld (1999), research on how tourists consume tourist products is central to the success of the tourist industry. The noticeable changes in the tourism industry coupled with strong competition in the market place and the desire to remain competitive, service providers are becoming more and more attentive and want to understand what influences the traveler’s purchase of tourism products. To capture the customers’ attention, it is critical that tourist products are designed such that they are able to address the many expectations and wishes of the potential tourists. Before making a tourist destination choice, the mode of travel and where to stay, consumers have been found to undergo various decision making processes that eventually influence the choice of tourist products and services.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on ICT and How it Influences Consumer Behaviour in Tourism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The choice for a travel destination is influenced by among other things, environmental, cultural and socioeconomic factors and these present the consumer with such a complex issue that requires enough time to ponder about. According to Swarbrooke Horner (2007), efficiency in tourism marketing can only be realized when one to understands the way consumers make decisions regarding the purchase and use of products and services. They further argue that when a service provider is equipped with proper information on the behaviour of consumers, it is possible to understand how best to sell the tourist products and obtain the expected output. Besides learning the art of persuading clients to purchase a product, one also gets to know who to target, at what time and with what type of product. Pizam Mansfeld (1999), observed that a number of authors consider motivation to be one major determinant of the tourist behaviour. According to Swarbrooke Horner (2007), consumers’ decision making processes are greatly influenced by internal and external motivators determinants when making product and service choices. The effects, however, vary depending on the type of product or service a potential touri st wishes to purchase. A considerable amount of time, for example, is required to make a decision regarding the purchase of a holiday than when deciding on what type of outfit to wear to work on any given day. Effect of Motivation in Tourism Behaviour Pizam Mansfeld (1999) observed that a great number of authors are of the opinion that one thing that is central to the behaviour exhibited by tourists when choosing products and services, is motivation. A number of theories exist to try and explain how tourist behaviour or actions are influenced by the motivation. Popular theories include; Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Murray’s Classification Scheme, Dann’s Tourism Motivator, and Crompton’s Nine Motives. Central to all these theories though, is the concept of consumer need which is seen as the main driving force behind the stimulation of motivation in individuals.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the needs hierarchy theory, Maslow made an attempt to explain how motivation affects the behaviour of a tourist (Pizam Mansfeld, 1999). Maslow’s theory lists the needs hierarchical depending on the level of importance. Originally, Maslow designed the theory for his clinical psychology work but over the years, its importance has grown and it is now commonly referenced in many other industries, tourism being one of them. Its simplicity in comparison with other existing theories is considered go be the main reason why its usage has increased among tourism researchers. According to this theory, if the needs specified are not met then the lowest ranked needs will take centre stage in determining the tourist’s behaviour. On the other hand, incase satisfaction was realized at any particular level, then the individual will have to move on to the check whether the other needs were met and so on. This process continues with the consumer moving up the hierarchy as the needs o f each level get satisfied until they are all satisfied. Some of Maslow’s propositions have been rejected while others have received doubtful support. Critics have argued that Maslow’s theory does not provide a complete list of consumer needs that could influence human behaviour. Murray’s theory on the other hand, lists a total of fourteen physiological and thirteen psychology needs and from these, one can identify factors that could influence a potential tourist’s preference for a holiday. Supporters of this theory believe that it is a better model compared to Maslow’s since it gives a detailed list of the human needs that are likely to determine a consumer’s travel behaviour. Because of its complexity, however, this theory is not that popular with tourism researchers who prefer to use Maslow’s theory. Dann’s tourism motivator’s are very closely linked to Maslow’s list of needs. The theory singles out two factors that influence a traveler’s decision to purchase tourism products and services. Push factors are those that make one want to travel while pull factors are those that affect where one travels. The theory proposes seven categorizations of travel motivation. Crampton’s theory is in agreement with Dann’s regarding the push and pull motives. Nine motives are identified in this theory with seven of them being classified as push motives and two as cultural or pull motives. The study further shows that people may sometimes be reluctant to make known their real reasons for travel if these reasons are personal or intimate. The Influence of ICT on Tourist Behaviour The above discussion on consumer behaviour theories provides a very good base for appreciating the part played by motivation in determining the consumer’s actions. As mentioned elsewhere in this paper, the growth in ICT has had a great impact on the way tourism is carried out. Looking at the physiologica l, safety, love, esteem and self-actualization needs highlighted in Maslow’s theory, one can immediately see the relationship that exists between the use of ICT and the tourist’s behaviour. In the work of Vich-I-Martorell (2002), technological advancements have driven consumers to shift to the use of the Internet and other technology related services to access the required travel information. On their own and at a convenient time, tourists can visit different Web sites that interest whether commercial or non commercial to research, plan and if necessary, purchase tourist products and services. This radical change in consumer behaviour has left providers with no option but to turn to the use of technology in their work so as to answer to the increasing tourist demands and to remain relevant in the travel and hospitality business. Any other remedy short of this will only lead to loss of a provider’s market share. Being such a powerful tool for sourcing timely and accurate information that is appropriate to the needs of the consumers, ICT is now a must use for everyone. From the comfort of wherever they are, and at the click of a button, consumers can easily access a great deal of reliable information about just any tourist topic of interest. Going back to Maslow’s theory, a potential tourist who is already satisfied that all other needs have been met but still has a concern about the security of the destination has no reason to worry as this information is readily available as long as they have access to an Internet connection. With increased terrorism attacks and civil wars all over, security is certainly a threat to many potential tourists. Using ICT, governments are doing all they can to assure the travelers that all is well. The use of radars to monitor airport operations, and surveillance systems in hotels and other major places are just but some of the technological solutions being used to create a secure environment. Incase of any doubts, however, and one is not satisfied with the information obtained through the Web; there is the option of directly get in touch with service providers at the intended destinations to and request further information as needed. Among other services, the use of email systems, and mobile technology is critical here. Another example is where one wants to travel to receive treatment away from home. It would be a disaster for anyone to just show up in a foreign place without prior information of what to expect or even what to do. The traveler can tap into the huge pool of information available on the Internet to get their facts right before embarking on the journey. Impact of ICT on the Tourism Industry Even though the role played by ICT in allowing organizations to be competitive and stay above the rest was identified many years back, it is only in the recent past that the potential provide by ICT received acknowledge in the tourism and hospitality industries (Nadkarni, 2003) . Sigala (2002) also observed that very little is known regarding the impact of using ICT on employment trends despite the fact that ICT use has widely been adopted in the tourism and hospitality industries. The use of ICT has presented the tourism industry with amazing capabilities that have to a very great extent transformed business operations in so many ways. Some of these capabilities include; speedy data processing, compact storage, and accuracy. Online storage of information has made it easy for anyone needing information, to access it from wherever they are. The existence of communication links or networks is distinct advantage of ICT development. The presence of services such as video conferencing has minimized the need to have face to face meetings with consumers or suppliers as the case may be. In a nutshell, technology has really changed the way people live, travel and do work. With the introduction of technology, consumers are now better placed to demand quality services from service providers and to ensure that they receive vale for money paid. For success to be realized in the tourism industry therefore, it is essential that the service providers are well prepared to meet the consumer demands. For this reason, providers have no option but to take advantage of the numerous opportunities made available by ICT to enable them meet the consumer requirements and further their business operations. Embracing the use of ICT will certainly make it possible for any company or organization in the tourism sector, to stand out by offering competitive products and services to its customers. The use of the Internet for the purposes of planning, making reservations, booking, and payment of travel products accounts for the highest number of sales in the tourist industry when compared with any other online industries (Govers Go, 2003). Apart from the many advantages that have resulted from the use of ICT in the tourism and hospitality industries, there are associa ted negative impacts that one has to be aware of. The application of ICT in business operations has contributed to loss of employment depending on where and how the technology is being used (Sigala, 2002). One negative impact that is apparently obvious to everyone is the huge reduction in employment caused by automating routine tasks. In their work, Govers Go (2003) argued that there has been substantial increase in the amount of information available on the subject of tourism due to radical technological changes as well as globalization. Though this might look like a positive development, it poses a major challenge to both consumers and service providers. There is therefore, a need for one to be really careful when sourcing information lest they end up dealing with rogue providers. The use of technology and the existence of a direct communication channel between the consumers and suppliers have led to reduced business for middlemen and tour operators who have ended up being sideli ned in a number of occasions. This is an act that has not been received well by tour operators contributing to the existence of numerous conflicts between tour operators and service providers (Vich-i-Martorell, 2002). To survive, tour operators have had to invent tricks of dealing with the service providers such as hotel owners and airline operators. Time and again, they will exert pressure on the service providers to reduce prices. A major effect of the low pricing has been the depletion of local resources in most tourist destinations, with very few initiatives being undertaken to sustain the invaluable environmental and cultural wealth that makes tourism attractions. The following discussion on the Balearic Islands should help to shed some light on this. Balearic Islands, is a tourist destination in the Mediterranean area, controlled by non-local tour operators. These operators will usually contract hotel rooms a year in advance and then go on to market them together with a travel ticket in the tourist’s home country. As a consequence, suppliers have been forced to heavily depend on the deals made with the tour operators. This situation, together with threats to deviate tourists to other destinations within the Mediterranean area, is used by tour operators as a means to force hotels to bring down their prices. The absence of a local tour operator to market this destination abroad, combined with the fact that most hotel companies in the Balearics have neither the resources to market themselves abroad nor the means to sell their product together with a plane ticket, make the foreign tour operators the only feasible way to commercialize and sell the Balearics as a complete tourist package. Using the Internet, however, this trend can be reversed and the extortion is bound to completely disappear eventually. By using ICT, information can be made readily available to whoever is in needs it leading to the empowerment of the suppliers. Having the correct info rmation will certainly be a source of strength and this can put service providers at a competitive position in the market place. This can later become a source of strength when negotiating business deals with other players in the field. The Internet can be also be used by service providers in Balearic Islands to get an easier way to sell out their products and services to the final consumer at very reasonable prices without necessarily having to open up offices, shops, or points of sale in each country and city where the potential tourists live. This is seen an alternative channel that will let companies market and distribute products, and eventually it could lead to a situation where the bargaining power of foreign tour operators could be reduced tremendously to the advantage of local service providers. A research done in the Balearic Islands on the use of the Internet among suppliers in the tourist sector demonstrated that on average, the Internet is highly regarded as a tool that could improve the way tourist business is done. Another negative effect of the adoption of ICT in the tourism industry is the promotion of illegal activities in the society. Criminals can get exposed to that could promote negative activities in the society. Such information will include the selling drugs, terrorist activities and sex tourism among others. With this information now widely available everywhere, thanks to Internet availability, it is possible for one to quickly get to know target locations where the activities can be undertaken in disguise. A case in point is Mombasa, a coastal city in Kenya, where sex tourism and drug abuse is the order of the day and is a real threat to the existence of the healthy growth of young generation. Efforts by the Kenya government to curb these illegal activities perpetrated by domestic as well as international tourists are yet to bear fruit. According to Litvin Crotts (2003), technology and particularly the use of Internet, has had a hug e impact on the traditional approach to the sell of hospitality and tourism services globally. Despite the existence of the above challenges that associated with the use of ICT, further integration of ICT in tourism and other industries is a reality and consumers and service providers alike, are willing to live with the negative consequences. For many players, technology offers a great foundation for growth in the tourist and hospitality sectors and it is almost practically impossible to imagine the present world without technology. Conclusion The use of ICT is considered a key enabler in the transformation of business processes and transactions. Rapid developments that have characterized the technological field have resulted in radical transformations that have taken place in various industries with the greatest changes occurring in the tourism and hospitality industries. Beyond any reasonable doubt, the use of technology is here to stay and it is up to the service providers to get acquainted with the use of ICT to manage their work. Emerging market trends are now forcing suppliers to adopt the use of ICT so as to excel. The high number of players present in the tourism sector has created a very competitive environment whereby only those determined to succeed can do so. Therefore, ICT usage cannot be over looked if service providers are to survive. One of the greatest rewards of implementing the use of ICT in the tourist sector is the power to handle competition calmly without any fears. It boosts the confidence of service providers when it comes to dealing the existing market struggles. In view of all these, many have argued that the negative effects related to the introduction and subsequent uses of technology are necessary evils that only carry a negligible impact that can be managed. These effects are seen as nothing when compared to the huge proceeds derived from ensuring that technology is at the centre of core business operations. As no one is about to let go of the use of technology, system developers have a challenge to create robust systems with little or no damage to consumers and that cannot be easily compromised. Though a very tricky task, another solution could be creating systems that can help to mitigate the negative impact that the use of technology is having or is bound to have on the society. Reference List Govers, R. Go, F. M., 2003. Deconstructing Destination Image in the Information Age. Information Technology Tourism, Vol. 6 pp. 13–29. Available from: http://tourism.wu-wien.ac.at/Jitt/JITT_6_1_Govers_Go.pdf . Litvin, S. W. Crotts, J. C., 2003. A Framework for Online Sales Negotiations of Hospitality and Tourism Services. Information Technology Tourism, Vol. 6 pp. 91–97. Available from: from http://tourism.wu-wien.ac.at/Jitt/JITT_6_2_Litvin_Crotts.pdf . Mills, J.E. Law R., 2004. Handbook of Consumer Behavior, Tourism, and the Internet. New York: The Haworth Hospitality Press. Available from: h ttps://books.google.com/books?id=yoMYTtp82YkCpg=PA115lpg=PA115dq=Doolin,+B.,+Burgess,+P.+Cooper,+J.+Evaluating+the+use+of+web+for+tourism+marketing+:+a+case+study+from+New+Zealandsource=blots=aFevucaPussig=osKVeqW5SFDRYLfxDPR6YOS88U0hl=enei=svQZTdfFJI3PrQfP-eC4Cwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=8ved=0CEgQ6AEwBw#v=onepageq=Doolin%2C%20B.%2C%20Burgess%2C%20P.%20Cooper%2C%20J.%20Evaluating%20the%20use%20of%20web%20for%20tourism%20marketing%20%3A%20a%20case%20study%20from%20New%20Zealandf=false . Nadkarni, S., 2003. Information Technology Competencies in Tourism Management Education. Information Technology Tourism, Vol. 6 pp. 47–54. Available from: http://tourism.wu-wien.ac.at/Jitt/JITT_6_1_Nadkarni.pdf . Pizam, A. Mansfeld, Y., 1999. Consumer behavior in travel and tourism. New York: The Haworth Hospitality Press. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4iAl2CpQpQCpg=PA18lpg=PA18dq=Tourist+Consumer+Behaviour+Processessource=blots=lbT-afB06bsig=CpAFTxeAMLCwpaB6WUf DtkYk-dwhl=enei=UlgaTfXqI8a08QPy1I3EBwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=7ved=0CEMQ6AEwBg#v=onepageqf=false . Sigala, M., 2002. The Impact of Multimedia on Employment: Evidence from Small and Medium Tourism and Hospitality Enterprises in the UK. Information Technology Tourism, Vol. 4 pp. 175–189. Available from: http://tourism.wu-wien.ac.at/Jitt/JITT_4_34_Sigala.pdf . Swarbrooke, J. Horner, S., 2007. Consumer Behaviour in Tourism. Amsterdam: Elsevier Ltd. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?id=O_FwjoSEGPgCpg=PA6lpg=PA6dq=Tourist+Consumer+Behaviour+Processessource=blots=nbrUMgPTsKsig=pwnVXk9HOw1O_cLIqKGKRIeS43Uhl=enei=UlgaTfXqI8a08QPy1I3EBwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1ved=0CBoQ6AEwAA#v=onepageq=Tourist%20Consumer%20Behaviour%20Processesf=false . Vich-i-Martorell, G. A., 2002. The Internet as a Marketing Tool for Tourism in the Balearic Islands. Information Technology Tourism, Vol. 5 pp. 91–104. Available from: http://tourism.wu-wien.ac.at/Jitt/JITT _5_2_Vich-i-Martorell.pdf .

Research Proposal Writing

Research Proposal Writing What Is a Research Proposal? A research proposal is a request for support of sponsored research, instruction or extension projects. Typically, a research proposal can be referred to as a document that is commonly written by scientists or academicians describing the ideas for an investigation on a certain topic. The goal of a research proposal is to present and validate the reasons why there is a need to study a certain research problem while at the same time outlining practical ways in which this research will be carried out. The design elements and procedures for undertaking the research are governed by certain standards within the predominant discipline in which the problem resides. Therefore, the guidelines for a research proposal are more exact and less strict than those of a general project proposal. Research proposals contain extensive literature reviews and therefore must provide convincing evidence that there is a need to conduct the proposed study. In addition to giving a rationale, a proposal outlines a detailed methodology for undertaking the research that is in line with requirements of the professional or academic field, as well as an anticipated outcome or benefits of the study’s completion. How to Write a Research Proposal? Similar to writing a traditional research paper, the research proposal is generally organized the same way mostly throughout social science disciplines. Their length ranges between 10 and 20 pages. However, before you begin on your proposal, read the assignment carefully and ask for any clarifications from your instructor just in case there are any special requirements to be met. Here is a guideline on writing a research proposal: 12 Steps to Writing a Research Proposal Questions to Answer When Writing a Research Proposal What do I study/research Why is the specific topic important? How does it relate with my coursework? What problems will it help solve in the end? How does it build upon research already done on the topic? What exactly should I plan to do?   Here is a great list of topics for masters dissertation research proposal: 50 Research Proposal Topics Research Proposal: the Logic and the Structure 1. Introduction.  This should be where you initially pitch your idea. Your readers should not only have a comprehension of what you want to do but should also be able to sense that you have a direction with which to take your study. The introduction should answer what is the central research problem, topic of study, methods to analyze the problem, and the importance of the research. 2. Background and Significance.  This is where you explain the context of your study and write at length why it is important. State the research problem and give an in-depth explanation about the purpose of the study, present the rationale of your proposed study and its worth, describe the major issues or problems to be addressed by your research, and how you plan to go out and do your research. 3. Literature Review.  This is a more deliberate review and synthesis of prior studies that are related to the research problem under investigation. Think about the questions that other researchers have asked on the subject, methods they have used, and your understanding of their findings. Ask yourself what is still missing, and how the previous scholars have failed to address the problem your study addresses. 4. Research Design and Methods.  The objective of this section is to convince the reader of your proposal and how your overall research design methods of analysis will effectively address the research problem. Be specific about the methodological approaches you will use to collect information, techniques for analyzing the data, and the tests of external validity to which you commit yourself. 5. Preliminary Suppositions and Implications.  The purpose of this section is to argue how you think your research will refine, revise and extend the existing knowledge in the subject area under investigation. Describe how your study is likely to impact future scholarly research, theory, practice, policy, or forms of intervention. 6. Conclusion.  This section emphasizes the necessity of your proposal and offers a short summary of the entire study. It can be one or two paragraphs reiterating why the research problem is worth investigating as well as why your study is unique. 7. Citations.  Here you will cite the various sources you used to garner information for your proposal. Mind that a research proposal must convince your reader of the importance of the theme you research. It should show your understanding of a subject so that you are ready to complete your research. But if you are having trouble with a research proposal writing place an order on our Order Page.

Ethics and International Politics - 'What, if any role ought scholars Essay

Ethics and International Politics - 'What, if any role ought scholars and practitioners of international politics envision for morality & justice in the international realm of the political - Essay Example This, therefore, creates a need for applying ethical theories that can ensure a clear line between practical and moral issues in the international relations scene. As a result, there have to be some individuals such as scholars and practitioners who determine the direction of morality and justice. In this paper, I will examine the roles scholars and practitioners of international politics envision for morality and justice in the international realm of the political. Morality and justice in the international realm is a responsibility that requires a sense of duty in all the key players. According to Kant (1988), everyone has an obligation to assume the introduction of justice in terms of the arrival of perpetual peace and the ethical commonwealth. Morality can only be ascertained on the grounds that endless development of the capacity of humans to do good is a fact under consideration. All in all, sense of responsibility and duty in all humans are what directs us to assume the development of the world, bearing the concept of justice in mind (Kant, 1988). As such, since justice can be some necessity, then moral actions can no longer be regarded as noble, but rather rational. This is because of the need to act according to the projected development of the world’s gradual just system (Rakic, 2010). There is a wide distribution of potential in units of the realm, some of which has more potential than others and thus determines the shape of the realm, as well as poses the problems that the not so capable ones have to handle. This position, in one way or the other, creates tragedy between international politics and oligopolistic sectors of a unit’s economy. This is because the major actors with immense potential control the actions of the others with no potential. According to Frost (2003) and Mayall (2003), scholars of politics and international relations need to consider tragedy on a more serious ground than they have

Evaluating the Impacts of Californias Criminal Justice Realignment Thesis

Evaluating the Impacts of Californias Criminal Justice Realignment - Thesis Example The results indicate that realignment has led to the reduction of felonies in prisons by 17%. Crime rate has also increased in the state; while there is lack of sufficient resources. Numerous problems such as overcrowding in jails have resulted from the relocation of criminals to jails. The lack of a solution to this problem may render realignment to be an ineffective solution to overcrowding in California. The state of California developed the criminal justice realignment legislation in May 2011. The state developed the realignment program following an order to reduce the number of inmates in prisons from the United States Supreme Court. The Supreme Court required the state to reduce the number of inmates from 180% to 137.5% of the capacity of the prisons by May 2013 (Green, 2014). This meant that California had to reduce the number of inmates in state prisons by 25,000. In response to the Supreme Court’s order, the state developed the prison realignment reform under Bill 109 and Penal Code 1170h in 2011. Bill 109 transfers the responsibility of imprisoning non-violent offenders from state prisons to county jails (Green, 2014). According to this bill, non-violent offers are those who commit crimes that are ‘non-serious,’ and ‘non-sex related (Hunter, 2013).’ This means that the prisoners who commit serious, violent, and sex-related crimes will be incarcerated in state prisons instead of county jails. The penal code 1170h, on the other hand, states that individuals who are realigned in county jails must undergo compulsory supervision; while out of custody. County probation officers conduct the Post Release Community Supervision (PRCS) (Caffiero, 2013).The code also requires those who disobey the mandatory supervision to be imprisoned in county jails instead of prisons. This is different from probation, which requires prisoners who are released from state

The Order of Things by Gladwell Malcolm Assignment

The Order of Things by Gladwell Malcolm - Assignment Example At first, one thought that the article is directed to sports car buyers but only to find out later that the author used the topic on cars to get the attention of the readers. The article is not targeted at a particular audience; rather, it is directed to anyone who tends to believe rankings done by magazines or newspapers or other private groups. Maybe the aim of the author is to warn people that not all rankings are accurate; therefore, must be taken with a grain of salt. One would not like to read articles by this author because it seems that the author is making hasty generalizations. Furthermore, one does not approve of the way he presents his arguments because he jumps from one topic to another. This can be observed when first he talks about car rankings then proceeds to discuss rankings of universities then presented data on suicide rates in several countries. After a discussion of suicide rankings, he goes back to university rankings and then shifts to hospital rankings and back again to university rankings. There is a lack of coherence in the way the information is being offered to the readers.   One may still read articles of this type provided that it is clearly presented.                  One has not read articles which support the author’s arguments, neither has one read articles which are against his arguments.

Proses Kebijakan

Proses Kebijakan REVIEW 2: CHAPTER TIGA BUKU PUBLIC POLICY: Proses Kebijakan Pada bagian yang ketiga ini, buku public policy karangan riant nugroho ingin menceritakan mengenai mekanisme pembuatan kebijakan juga masalah yang terkait dengan mekanisme tersebut. Secara garis besar buku ini menceritakan mengenai alur kebijakan public diproses mulai dari perumusan kebijakan, implementasi sampai evaluasi. Terdapat banyak alur berpikir mengenai proses bekerjanya kebijakan public. Dalam perumusan kebijakan public, penulis banyak penyertakan berbagai cara untuk merumuskan kebijakan public. Banyak sekali model yang diterangkan oleh penulis, mulai dai model yang tidak demokratis sampai dengan model yang demokratis. Dalam banyak ceritanya model yang tidak demokratis selalu menempatkan Negara sebagai actor yang dominan yang dapat membuat kebijakan. Menganggap proses perumusan kebijakan publik adalah mutlak kewajiban Negara dan hak Negara, rakyat tidak dapat berpartisipasi dalam hal ini. Dan pada akhirnya kebijakan public yang seperti ini tidak juga membawa dampak yang signifikan terhadap public karena kurang mengapresiasikan masalah public yang sebenarnya. Sedangkan proses perumusan yang demokratis, penulis ingin menegaskan bahwa perumusan yang demokratis haruslah mengelaborasi semua suara stakeholders Negara. Model ini adalah model yang dianut oleh Indonesia. Model ini banyak berkembang karena memiliki keterkaitan dengan implementasi good governance[1]. Bukan berarti model perumusan yang demikian ini, tidak memiliki kelemahan. Kelemahan yang dimiliki adalah kebijakan mengenai isu-isu yang vital dan masalah krisis terkadang kurang menjadi efektif dalam prosesnya. Dimana terkadang domain yang seharusnya dikerjakan dan menjadi otoritas penuh Negara menjadi otoritas public, sehingga kebijakan yang dibuat tidak efektif juga efisien. Rian nogroho juga tidak hanya menerangkan berbagai permasalah mengenai perumusan kebijakan public dia juga menyodorkan kepada pembaca mengenai bentuk yang baik dalam perumusan kebijakan. Selama ini kita tahu bahwa banyak masalah yang timbul saat proses perumusan kebijakan seperti masalah cultural yang menganggap bahwa kebijakan public adalah hukum[2], masalah teknis juga transparansi. Dari masalah-masalah tersebut kita disodori penyelesaian ala penulis mengenai perumusan kebijakan public. Penulis ingin proses perumusan kebijakan tetap berjalan demokratis namun juga strategis dan merata. Tahapan berikutanya setelah perumusan kebijkan adalah implemntasi kebijakan. Implementasi kebijakan juga melibatkan rakyat secara langsung sebagai actor yang secara langsung merasakan dampak dari suatu kebijakan. Implementasi merupakan hal penting yang harus diperhatikan, karena pada proses inilah suatu kebijakan diuji. Suatu kebijakan dapat dikatan berhasil atau tidak tergantung pada pengimplentasian kebijakan tersebut. Benar adanya jika studi pengenai implentasi kebijakan akan mati jika hanya masuk dalam ilmu administrasi Negara dan ilmu politik saja, mengingat kompleksitas actor yang masuk kedalam proses ini. Proses implementasi kebijakan ini banyak menyangkut dimensi ekonomi juga dimensi sosial. Seperti pada proses perumusan kebijakan, pada proses implementasi kebijakan pun penulis banyak menerangkan mengenai model pengimplementasian kebijakan, mulai dari model yang paling sederhana sampai model yang rumit. Model yang sederhana yang saya maksudkan adalah model yang tidak banyak melibatkan actor dan kepentingan pada suatu kebijakan. Dan model yang rumit adalah model yang banyak menampilkan actor yang terlibat juga kepentingan mereka. Selain itu pula model-model yang diterangkan oleh penulis sebenarnya juga berkaitan mengenai pola kebijakan, seperti pola yang bersifat top-bottomer atau pola bottom-topper[3]. Rekomendasi yang ditawarkan oleh penulis adalah efktifitas bagi terselenggaranya implementasi kebijakan public. Penulis tidak pernah suka menggunakan kata â€Å"mix† atau campuran dalam rekomendasinya. namun sepertinya penulis juga mengarahakan kita pada model yang nantinya itu adalah sebuah model campuran yang dapat kita sesuaikan sendiri dengan setiap kebijakan yang lahir. Satu hal lagi yaitu mengenai bagaimana proses kebijakan yaitu sosialisasi. Prose ini penting agar suatu kebijakan dapat diimplementasikan dengan baik juga efektif. Jika efktifitas penting dalam implementasi kebijakan makan sosialisasi pun demikian adanya. Jika suatu kebijakan telah dibuatkan dan dilaksanakan program realisasinya sebelum disosialisasikan maka hal tersebut mustahil untul berhasil. Karena actor yang secara langsung memperoleh imbas dan sekaligus pelaksananya (birokrat atau rakyat) akan kebingungan dalam pelaksanaannya. Proses berikutnya setelah implementasi kebijakan adalah evaluasi kebijakan. Proses evaluasi kebijakan merupakan proses yang tidak dapat dihindari mengingat ini adalah proses yang membantu sebuah kebijakan untuk beradaptasi. Penulis menerangkan bahwa suatu kebijakan tidak dapat dengan mudah diganti dengan kebijakan yang baru sehingga evaluasi kebijakan adalah solusi yang ditawarkan. Tujuan utamanya adalah mencari kekurangan dari suatu kebijakan dan kemudian menutup kekurangan tersebut[4]. Evaluasi kebijakan tidak hanya memiliki tujuan namun juga memiliki ciri. Ciri kebijakan public adalah: (1) tujuannya menemukan hal-hal yang strategis untuk meningkatkan kinerja kebijakan; (2) evaluator mampu mengambil jarak dari pembuat kebijakan, pelaksana kebijakan, dan target kebijakan; (3) prosedur dapat dipertanggungjawabkan secara metodologi; (4) dilaksanakan tidak dalam suasana permusuhan atau kebencian; (5) mencakup rumusan, implementasi, lingkungan dan kinerja kebijakan. Evalusi pun bervariatif seperti halnya perumusan kebijakan dan implementasi kebijakan. Dalam berbagai model yang telah diterangkan oleh penulis diawal mengenai berbagai model perumusan kebijakan didalamnya juga telah tercantum mengenai evaluasi kebijakan. Namun penulis juga memberikan alternative pilihan lain lagi mengenai model lain dari keseluruhan yang telah ada di awal buku, seperti model evaluasi William N. Dunn sampai model Howlet dan Ramesh. Dari kesemua model baru yang diterangkan oleh penulis terdapat garis besar yaitu proses evaluasi selalu berkaitan erat dengan kinerja suatu kebijakan public. Evaluasi lingkungan kebijakan public pada prinsipnya adalah memberikan gambaran atau diskripsi mengenai konteks dirumuskan dan diimplementasikannya suatu kebijakan[5]. Dengan adanya pendiskripsian mengenai kinerja kebijakan maka itu memberikan sebuah gambaran akan pemahaman mengenai proses berjalannya kebijakan yang baik dan efektif. Mengingat efektifitas penting dalam setiap proses kebijakan public. Selain itu pula evaluasi kebijakan merupakan bagian dari pelaksanaan good governance, utamanya dimensi akuntabilitas[6]. Dengan disuguhakan berbagai model evaluasi kebijakan public sepertinya hal tersebut cenderung membuat bingung pembaca. Bahwa ada tumpang tindih dalam pemikiran atau tulisan sang penulis. Karena dengan semakin bervariatifnya suatu pilihan hal tersebut justru tidak baik karena akan tumpang tindih, sehingga para pembaca justru semakin tidak paham mengenai bagaimana pemikiran punlis mengenai proses yang satu ini, proses evaluasi kebijakan. Proses terakhir dari rangkaian pembuatan kebijakan public adalah proses revisi kebijakan. Proses ini adalah tindakan lanjutan dari evaluasi kebijakan. Jika dalam proses evaluasi kebijkan diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa suatu kebijakan tetap dilaksanakan namun hal tersebut perlu perbaikan, maka revisi kebijakan adalah jalannya. Jika hasil dari evaluasi adalah tetap dijalankan tanpa revisi maka proses ini tidak dijalani. Itulah kenapa proses ini tidak mutlak ada pada setiap kebijakan public. Proses ini bersifat fleksibel dalam rangkaian proses kebijakan public. Proses kerja revisi kebijakan juga tidak jauh berbeda dengan perumusan kebijakan, sama rumitnya. Namun perbedaan ada pada permulaan suatu kebijakan diproses, pada proses ini dimulai dengan evaluasi kebijakan, jadi ini hanya bersifat memperbaiki masalah dan mempelajari kembali suatu masalah public. Dengan adanya revisi diharapkan suatu kebijakan dapat bekerja lebih efektif daripada sebelum direvisi. Dan kali ini penulis tidak menuliskan berbagai model yang dapat kita pakai saat kita akan melakukan revisi kebijakan. Si penulis hanya menerangkan sedikit mengenai proses revisi kebijakan. Bahwa prose ini jga tidak kalah rumit dan panjangnya dengan proses awal pembuatan kebijakan. Dalam buku riant nugroho ini pembaca dapat mengentahui berbgai varian model prose pembuatan kebijakan, implementasi kebijakan sampai evaluasi kebijakan. Itu adalah bentuk dari kelebihan dari tulisan riant ini. Namun kelemahan yang juga ditunjukkan oleh penulisnya dalah dengan terlalu banyak menerangkan varian-varian atau model-model prose kebijakan justru nanti akan semakin tumpang tindih dan membingungkan. Walau setiap rekomendasi yang ditawarkan oleh penulis adalah bukan model campuran tapi sepertinya penulis ingin agar pembaca sendiri yang membuat model campuran tersebut. Alur pemikiran yang dibuat oleh penulis juga sepertinya lebih mengarah pada alur pemikiran studi administrasi Negara. Proses-proses politik dalam proses pembuatan kebijakan public kurang dipertajam. Itulah salah satu lagi kekurangana yang ditunjukkan oleh penulis. JURUSAN POLITIK DAN PEMERINTAHAN FISIPOL UGM LEMBAR COVER TUGAS 2010 Nama : SURYANINGSIH No. Mahasiswa : 07/257095/SP/22444 Nama Matakuliah : KEBIJAKAN PUBLIK Dosen : PURWO SANTOSO BAYU DARDIAS Judul Tugas : REVIEW2: PUBLIC POLICY Jumlah Kata : 1208 CHECK LIST Saya telah: Mengikuti gaya referensi tertentu secara konsisten†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Memberikan soft copy tugas†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Deklarasi Pertama, saya menyatakan dengan sebenar-benarnya bahwa: * Karya ini merupakan hasil karya saya pribadi. * Karya ini sebagian besar mengekspresikan ide dan pemikiran saya yang disusun menggunakan kata dan gaya bahasa saya sendiri. * Apabila terdapat karya atau pemikiran orang lain atau sekelompok orang, karya, ide dan pemikiran tersebut dikutip dengan benar, mencantumkan sumbernya serta disusun sesuai dengan kaidah yang berlaku. * Tidak ada bagian dari tigas ini yang pernah dikirim atau dinilai, dipublikasikan dan/atau digunakan untuk memenuhi tugas makuliah lain sebelumnya. Kedua, saya menyatakan bahwa apabila satu atau lebih ketentuan diatas tidak ditepati, saya sadar akan menerima sanksi minimal berupa kehilangan hak untuk menerima nilai untuk mata kuliah ini. Suryaningsih 8 Maret 2010 Tanda Tangan Tanggal [1] Riant Nugroho, Public Policy, 2008, Hal: 376 [2] Ibid, Hal: 424 [3] Ibid, Hal: 451 [4] Ibid, Hal: 472 [5] Ibid, Hal: 488 [6]Ibid, Hal: 492

Strong Shadows :: essays research papers

1. I believe that Dr. Zuger chose the people she did because she was trying to get a large amount of differences of infections the patients could contract and also show the patients' similarities in lifestyle and the similarities in the way in which they grew up to try and educate people on the lifestyle one must live to put oneself at higher risk for contracting this terrible disease. The characters all seemed to have come from a home without much love from their family members, or they had something major missing in their life that could have caused a great amount of stress not normally experienced in an average person's life. All of them were uneducated and careless leading us to believe that Dr. Zuger was trying to show that education and responsibility are the best ways to prevent one's contraction of this disease. Some of them got HIV from reckless lifestyles such as drug use involving needle sharing to prostitution while others got it merely by having sex with casual partners. The decision to pick this array of patients again strengthens the fact that Dr. Zuger is trying to tell us that it is possible to get AIDS in many ways and that just because one is having casual sex does not mean that he is immune from its effects. These are probably a few reasons why Dr. Zuger chose them for her book. 2. The human frailty that Deborah Sweet possessed was that she was untrustworthy, she was always trying to get Dr. Zuger to get something for her such as prescriptions for drugs that would sell on the street or get her to write her a note to be allowed to miss court. The human frailty that Michael Soto has was when he first got the HIV virus and when he was using drugs. He is a very nice and willing patient and does not want to burden others with his problems. This shortcoming was very hard to decide on because he was such a good person. Cynthia Wilson's human frailty was that she needs help and that she is uneducated. She thinks that they should just be able to fix her problem without a problem and without delay. She seems to be very ungrateful for all the help she is receiving. She also does not know how to teach her children how to avoid becoming like her.

Discussion/ Technology and Operations management

Customization is here to stay and has become part of us. An achievement begins with strategies that know what to modify instead of only dealing with difficulties in management. The Working together of both the operations and marketing departments improves results (Orlando, 2007). According to Booz & Company (2008) lack of coordination by the marketing department and project management in doing some particular activities sets prices too high. This in turn affects the performance of customization strategies. Relationship between project management and marketing managementThe o relationship between project management and marketing management is the objectives need to be the same. Marketing’s main objective is to meet the demand and supply of consumers without thinking of prices. The project manager is supposed to find a way to minimize these costs. (Booz & Company, 2008). They need to come to some level of agreement in terms of setting objectives so that they set specific objecti ves that reduces costs and keeps consumers satisfied. The other relationship between marketers and operations is cutting costs and satisfying consumers’ needs.There seems to be a conflict between project management and marketing department. Instead of cooperating with each other, they are at loggerheads. Marketing wants many varieties to choose from while operations want to make those changes at low costs. The other relationship between the two departments is that they are reimbursed differently. Marketing revolves around unit sales while project management main concern is about reducing manufacturing cost. Project managers and marketers do not have the same interests.This factor can strain there relationship between them. Project managers are technicians and doers. While marketers do not deal with specific issues (Booz & Company, 2008). Other relationship that they share between them is reduction of costs. When project managers, cut down costs and do not consult marketersâ⠂¬â„¢ then that becomes a problem. Relevance of project management in the work force Project management and marketing management are important to each other and there is need for harmonization for the two when working together.One department cannot do without the other, they are essential to each other (Booz & company,2008). The operations person assumes that, the sales people do not appreciate the cost factors while the sales people assume that the operations people do not appreciate that consumers are everything (Booz & company, 2008). There is need for a truce because in the event that they do not consult with each other it can bring to much variety of goods or cause costs to escalate (Booz & company, 2008).Another importance is the involvement of top leadership in encouraging dialogue between the two departments. In addition, there needs to be a meeting where both, project management and marketing department discuss about strategies to create teams that are cross -functional. Th e relevance of finding a common ground to discuss these issues is of great importance as it attributes to actions that solely base on costing analysis (Booz & Company, 2008). What is apparent is what choices are made and when to make them.The importance is to know the main objective of your organization’s purpose, as this will boost productions as well as marketing productivity. Appreciating both the real price and worth of the goods is important (Booze &Company, 2008). Organizations should centre there attention on customer understanding and set customizable elements into specific packages as an alternative of giving thousands of variations (Booze &Company, 2008). Incorporating strategic partners is essential in investigating costs productions (Orlando, 2007).Conclusion It is therefore apparent that project management helps in reducing cost productions, in the case of Egol, Booz &company, (2008) remembers a situation where he modified nearly all the machinery in trying to pl ease the consumers wants because they had specific requirements. If consumers are overwhelmed with goods to buy, they get so confused until they do not but at all. If here was an operational management they would have stopped the over indulgence. Reference Booz & Company. (2008).The challenge of customization: Bringing Operations and Marketing together the global commercial consulting firm. Retrieved on 22nd July 2009. Available at http://www.strategy-business.com/press/sbkw2/sbkwarticle/sbkw040616?tid=230&pg= Orlando, F. S. (2007). Centered collaboration2007, Retrieved on 22nd   July 2009. Available at http://www.gmaonline.org/events/2007/isld/presentations/overcomingc.pdf. Discussion/ Technology and Operations Management International Project management is very essential to control resource usage to ensure quality productions. International projects involve many people with different cultures and backgrounds. It is therefore necessary to have management system that harmonizes the cultural, social, political and economic differences amongst them. Project manager should be tactical and wise in decision making to ensure every project member is well catered for and maximum utilization of the resources is achieved to meet project objectives (Kwak, 2002). Development of an international project management plan in workplaceInternational project development environments are affected with many factors originating from within and outside the development environments by nature. International project development plan may be affected by cultural, social, political and economic factors and so the management plan should consider all these factors (Kwak, 2002). The international project management plan should consid er all possible physical factors in the countries involved for mitigation. In addition, the laws and regulations governing different countries should be considered to ensure political stability.With the political factors solved, there will be improved returns on investments due to reduction in risks resulting from uncertainties in the international project development environment. In any business, there has to be legal requirements to be met. An international project development management system has to meet all the legal requires in terms of government policies and regulations. These factors may affect prices, exchange rates in the markets, taxations and even financial management systems. This may lead to some people losing their jobs and others incurring losses in the business.As a business right, political factors should be well managed to ensure market stability for the market users (Kwak, 2002). Cultural factors such as style or values should be considered when developing an in ternational project development management system. Since some countries are not aware of the some cultural resources in other countries, assistance should be provided to facilitate the international projects development process. Cultural value should be put into consideration when designing the management system. When planning for an international project management system, technological factors should be put in to consideration.This is because technological designs and level of use vary from country to country (Kwak, 2002). This may lead to varied participation levels in a project and so a project manager should consider the variation to successfully manage a project. Employing project management techniques to skillfully and ethically lead complex international projects in organizations Project management is a technique through which projects can be evaluated to encourage soft skills application in contrast with the hard skills to achieve the project goals.Soft skills are mostly ba sed on the technical resources required to carryout a project such as stakeholders’ contributions, collaboration or teamwork, organizational behaviors and management strategies (Marques, 2005). According to Harold (2005), for a successful project management in an organization, skillful and ethical techniques for a success in a complex or large organization are as follows. First, there has to be process integrations in the organizations. Integration of processes involves forming teamwork or collaborations in a project to ensure every member’s requirements are catered for in the product design.In addition, teamwork ensures success because of improved participation amongst members. Second, incorporation of cultural values at the design stages of a management system. Incorporation of the cultural values in multicultural organization will ensure equitable presentation of all members rights and therefore not to lower their dignity or abuse their rights (Harold, 2005). Third, information and support managements, which includes monitoring and assessing the communication systems to capture everyone’s views in terms of comments or suggestions.Forth, trainings should be provided to all members of an organization particularly in technology use to enable them to embrace technology use. In many occasions, management well trained employees in an organization are highly empowered and they participate fully in all areas within the organization to improve productivity. Fifth, behavioral excellence that involves instilling ethical values to the employees. Employees have to know their rights and how to protect them in the organization.Management system should provide fro a way in which petitions in the working environment can be solved fairly to create unity and harmony amongst workers (Harold, 2005). Diversity & cross-cultural perspectives, Team building skills, Decision making in the workplace In a multicultural environment, there has to be change managemen t, which enables new members in the organization to be induced well and successful fit in the new working environment. Decision-making based production methods should be put in to considerations to avoid resource wastages and satisfy all internal requirements in an organization.Lean manufacturing should be adopted to only produce when needed to minimize resource consumption in the organization (Joomla, 2009). In addition to lean manufacturing, project management should be carried out in all projects in an organization. This is to ensure quality performances to continuously improve in productions. Project management will also ensure cost effective use of resources particularly in a large and complex organization. In diverse and multicultural organizations, conflicts are likely to happen due to the cultural and environmental differences.Conflict management system should be availed to provide fair judgments to the organizational members. Teamwork or collaboration should be encouraged t o facilitate decision-making and enhance innovativeness (Joomla, 2009). Enhanced decision making and innovativeness will lead to quality production through making good plans for investments. Innovation may also lead to improvements in the supply chain levels. A well-managed supply chain model can be improved through innovation or technology use to eliminate non-value adding processes to production processes.Conclusion Project management is very fundamental in all projects whether in large or small organizations. International project management is just as necessary as the local ones (Marques, 2005). In multicultural organizations, the employees have to be trained on various social, cultural, political and economic factors to ensure uniformity during a joint project. Project managers are required to consider the cultural factors when designing a management structure for all the members to be accommodated and be free to fully participate in the organizational tasks. Reference: Harold, K. (2005). Advanced Project Management best Practices on Implementation, 2nd ed, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey Joomla. (2009). Certification, Innovation, Decision Making, Project Management, Team Building, Conflict Management: Certification Programs for Educational and Business Organizations Standards or Courses Custom Designed for your Organization. Joomla. Viewed on 13th June 2009, Available at http://endeavourprojects.com/Joomla Kwak, Y. H. (2002). Critical Success Factors in International Development Project Management. Viewed on 13th June 2009. Available at http://home.gwu.edu/~kwak/Kwak_CIB65_2002.pdf Marques, G. M. (2005). Discussion of the distinguishing features of Project Management in the 21st Century. Viewed on 13th June 2009. Available at http://www.caaei.org/anexos/65.doc